Alterações oculares decorrentes de picada de abelha na córnea / Ocular changes due to corneal bee sting

RESUMO O propósito deste estudo foi reportar as alterações oculares observadas após picada de abelha com ferrão retido na córnea. Destacamos o tratamento e o desfecho de uma lesão de córnea incomum e sua patogênese. Trata-se de relato de caso e revisão da literatura de lesões oculares por picada de abelha. Paciente do sexo feminino, 63 anos, procurou atendimento oftalmológico de urgência devido à picada de abelha na córnea do olho direito há 6 dias. Queixava-se de embaçamento visual, dor e hiperemia ocular. Apresentou acuidade visual de vultos no olho afetado. Ao exame, notaram-se hiperemia moderada de conjuntiva bulbar, edema corneano com dobras de Descemet e presença do ferrão alojado na região temporal, no estroma profundo da córnea. A paciente foi internada para ser abordada no centro cirúrgico sob anestesia geral. Durante a cirurgia, o ferrão teve que ser retirado via câmara anterior, mediante a realização de uma paracentese e uma lavagem da câmara anterior, com dupla via e solução salina balanceada. Ainda não existe na literatura um tratamento padrão na abordagem de pacientes com lesões oculares por picada de abelha, sendo importantes a identificação e o reconhecimento precoce de possíveis complicações que ameacem a visão.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to report the ocular changes observed after a bee sting with a stinger retained in the cornea. We show the treatment and outcome of an unusual corneal injury and its pathogenesis. This is a case report and literature review of ocular injuries caused by bee stings. A 63-year-old female patient sought emergency ophthalmic care because of a bee sting on the cornea of her right eye six days before. She complained of blurred vision, pain, and ocular hyperemia. She had glare sensitivity on visual acuity in the affected eye. Examination revealed moderate hyperemia of the bulbar conjunctiva, corneal edema with Descemet's folds and a stinger lodged in the temporal region, in the deep stroma of the cornea. The patient was admitted to the operating room under general anesthesia. During surgery, the stinger had to be removed via the anterior chamber, by performing a paracentesis and washing the anterior chamber with a double flushing and balanced saline solution. There is still no standard treatment in the literature for patients with eye injuries caused by bee stings, and early identification and recognition of possible sight-threatening complications is important.

Descemets membrane endothelial keratoplasty for acute corneal hydrops: a case report / Ceratoplastia endotelial com membrana de descemet para hidrópsia corneana aguda: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Here, we describe the result of a Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty for acute corneal hydrops in a 45-year-old female with keratoconus, who presented with severe visual loss in her OS. The patient's best-corrected visual acuity was 20/80 in the right eye and hand motion in the OS. Slit-lamp examination revealed an extensive tear of the Descemet's membrane and stromal corneal edema in the OS. We opted for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Twelve months postoperatively, the patient had a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 in the OS.

RESUMO Trata-se de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 45 anos, portadora de ceratocone, submetida a uma ceratoplastia endotelial com membrana Descemet após apresentar um quadro de perda de visão severa devido a uma hidrópsia corneana aguda no olho esquerdo. Inicialmente, a acuidade visual corrigida da paciente era de 20/80 no olho direito e de movimento de mãos no olho esquerdo. Após exame de biomicroscopia que detectou uma extensa rotura da membrana de Descemet e edema estromal, optamos por tratar esse caso com o ceratoplastia endotelial com membrana Descemet. Doze meses após o procedimento cirúrgico, percebeu-se uma melhora do edema corneano, não havia sinais de rejeição do botão óptico e a acuidade visual corrigida da paciente era de 20/50 no olho afetado.

Actualización terapéutica de la queratopatía bullosa pseudoafáquica / Therapeutic update on pseudophakic bullous keratopathy

RESUMEN La queratopatía bullosa pseudoafáquica o edema corneal crónico pseudoafáquico del paciente operado por cataratas con implante de lente intraocular es un proceso en el que la córnea se edematiza y pierde su función óptica, con síntomas dolorosos e irritativos de lagrimeo, ojo rojo, probabilidad de inflamación y ulceración corneal por infección secundaria. Se observan en esta afección multicausal dos grupos de pacientes. En uno de ellos el daño estructural corneal y ocular ha sido excesivo y no existe expectativa de mejora visual. El otro grupo aún conserva la potencialidad de recuperación de la agudeza visual. En el intento de solucionar esta afección se han empleado diversos tratamientos con fundamentos diferentes y resultados acordes con el desarrollo técnico y científico en que fueron aplicados. Es propósito de esta actualización describir y adecuar las posibilidades que los oftalmólogos puedan aplicar como terapéutica en sus respectivos niveles de actuación(AU)

ABSTRACT Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy or chronic pseudophakic corneal edema in patients undergoing cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation is a process in which the cornea edematizes and loses optical function, with painful and irritating lacrimation symptoms, red eye, probable inflammation and corneal ulceration due to secondary infection. Sufferers of this multicausal condition are divided into two groups: In one of them structural corneal and ocular damage has been extreme and no visual improvement is expected, whereas in the other visual acuity recovery is still possible. In an attempt to heal this condition various treatments have been used with different rationales and results according to the scientific and technological development of the setting where they were applied. The present update is aimed at describing and adjusting the possible therapies that ophthalmologists may use in their respective fields of activity(AU)

Facoanafilaxia por cristalino mergulhado na Síndrome de Marfan / Phacoanaphylactic by dislocation of the lens in the Marfan Syndrome

Resumo A síndrome de Marfan é uma doença de herança autossômica dominante e que afeta o tecido conjuntivo com manifestações fenotípicas que envolvem os sistemas esquelético, cardiovascular e ocular. As principais manifestações oculares são a subluxação do cristalino, a miopia e o descolamento da retina. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a conduta clínico-cirúrgica de um paciente portador da síndrome de Marfan com cristalino luxado para a cavidade vítrea e que evoluiu com severa reação facoanafilática caracterizada por um glaucoma secundário severo e descompensação corneana.

Abstract Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant inheritance disease that affects connective tissue with phenotypic manifestations involving the skeletal, cardiovascular and ocular systems. The main ocular manifestations are the subluxation of the lens, myopia and retinal detachment. The aim of this article was to report the clinical and surgical management of a patient with Marfan syndrome with luxated lens for the vitreous cavity and who developed a severe phacoanaphylactic reaction characterized by severe secondary glaucoma and corneal decompensation.

Methylene blue-related corneal edema and iris discoloration / Edema de córnea e descoloração de íris associados ao azul de metileno

ABSTRACT We report the case of a 70-year-old female patient who developed corneal edema and iris discoloration following the inadvertent use of 1% methylene blue instead of 0.025% trypan blue to stain the anterior capsule during cataract phacoemulsification surgery. Copious irrigation was performed upon realization of incorrect dye use. Corneal edema and iris discoloration developed during the early postoperative period and persisted at 24-months follow-up. However, keratoplasty was not required. The intracameral use of 1% methylene blue has a cytotoxic effect on the corneal endothelium and iris epithelium. Copious irrigation for at least 30 min using an anterior chamber maintainer may improve outcomes.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo feminino com 70 anos de idade desenvolveu edema da córnea e descoloração da íris após o uso inadvertido de 1% de azul de metileno em vez de 0,025% de azul tripano para corar a cápsula anterior do cristalino durante a cirurgia de catarata por facoemulsificação. Foi realizada irrigação abundante quando detectou-se que o corante incorreto tinha sido usado. Edema da córnea e descoloração íris que ocorreu no período pós-operatório precoce persistiu durante 24 meses de seguimento; no entanto, a ceratoplastia não foi necessária. O uso intracameral de 1% de azul de metileno tem efeitos citotóxicos sobre o endotélio da córnea e epitélio da íris. A irrigação abundante durante pelo menos 30 minutos, utilizando um mantenedor de câmara anterior pode resultar em um prognóstico melhor.

O papel da membrana de Descemet na patogenia do edema corneano após cirurgia de segmento anterior / The role of Descemet's membrane in the pathogeny of corneal edema following anterior segment surgery

Objetivo: Encontrar fatores importantes na patogenia do edema corneano pós-cirúrgico, em casos de pós-facectomia e pósceratoplastia, por meio do estudo dos achados histopatológicos, a fim de ver o que pode ser feito para evitar sucessivas ceratoplastias. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo das alterações histopatológicas de casos de edema corneano pós-cirúrgicos. Os tecidos foram provenientes de ceratoplastia penetrante no período compreendido entre setembro de 2009 e agosto de 2013. Foi realizada revisão de prontuários em busca principalmente de informações sobre cirurgias prévias. Resultados: Foram incluídos 70 botões corneanos, sendo 34 de pacientes do sexo masculino e 36 do sexo feminino. A média das idades foi de 63,1±17,20 (média ± DP) anos. A maioria dos casos era de falência após transplante (71,43%). A rarefação celular foi a principal alteração encontrada no endotélio (58 casos), sendo também a alteração histopatológica mais frequente. Na membrana de Descemet, predominaram as alterações de integridade (53 casos), seja na forma de ruptura, de descolamento isolado ou de descolamento associado à ruptura. Foi frequente a associação de alterações endoteliais à ausência da integridade da membrana de Descemet. Conclusão: Descolamento da membrana de Descemet é um achado histopatológico frequente nos casos de edema corneano pós-cirúrgicos estudados, devendo ser considerado um fator importante na patogenia dos mesmos. Essa alteração deve ser procurada com atenção nos pós-operatórios, a fim de ser diagnosticada e tratada precocemente, vindo possivelmente a evitar muitas indicações de ceratoplastia. .

Objective: To find relevant factors in the pathogeny of postoperative corneal edema in post-cataract surgery and post-keratoplasty cases, through the study of histopathological findings in order to see what can be done to avoid successive keratoplasties. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of histopathological findings in postoperative corneal edema cases. Tissues were obtained from penetrating keratoplasty in the period between september 2009 and august 2013. A medical record review was conducted primarily looking for information about previous surgeries. Results: Seventy corneal buttons were included, out of which 34 were from male patients and 36 were from female patients. The mean age was 63.1±17.20 (mean ± SD) years. Most of cases were corneal failure after keratoplasty (71.43%). The main change found in endothelium was cellular rarefaction (58 cases), and it was also the most common histopathological change. Changes in integrity predominated in Descemet's membrane (53 cases), whether in the form of rupture, isolated detachment or detachment associated with rupture. Endothelial changes associated with the absence in Descemet's membrane integrity were frequent. Conclusion: Descemet's membrane detachment is a frequent histopathological finding in postoperative corneal edema cases studied, thus it should be considered an important factor in the pathogeny of such cases. This change should be carefully researched in the postoperative period in order to be diagnosed and treated early, possibly avoiding many keratoplasty indications. .

Delayed Descemet's membrane detachment after successful cataract surgery: a case report / Descolamento tardio da membrana de Descemet após cirurgia de catarata sem intercorrências: relato de caso

The detachment of Descemet's membrane can be a serious complication following cataract surgery, leading to severe corneal edema and reduced visual acuity. This report describes an unusual case of Descemet's membrane detachment 6 months after successful phacoemulsification, documented by anterior segment optic coherence tomography (OCT; RTVue, Optovue). The eye was treated successfully with pneumatic descemetopexy and transcorneal suturing, with reattachment of Descemet's membrane. This report should alert physicians that delayed corneal edema can be related to late-onset Descemet's membrane detachment, which requires proper treatment to avoid permanent corneal decompensation.

O descolamento da membrana de Descemet pode ser uma complicação grave após a cirurgia de catarata, resultando em edema de córnea e redução da acuidade visual. Este relato descreve um caso raro de descolamento da membrana de Descemet seis meses após cirurgia de catarata com facoemulsificação sem intercorrências, documentado com tomografia de coerência óptica do segmento anterior (OCT; RTVue, Optovue). Foram realizadas descemetopexia pneumática e sutura corneana, com resolução do descolamento e recuperação visual. Este relato procura alertar os médicos que o edema de córnea tardio pode estar relacionado ao descolamento tardio da membrana de Descemet, que exige tratamento adequado para evitar descompensação corneana permanente.

Simultaneous bilensectomy and endothelial keratoplasty for angle-supported phakic intraocular lens-induced corneal decompensation.

A 40-year-old lady presented with severe endothelial cell loss in both eyes 14 years after angle-supported phakic intraocular lens (AS PIOL) implantation. The left eye had severe corneal edema with bullous keratopathy. The right eye had markedly reduced endothelial cell count (655 cells/mm2) although the cornea was clear. She underwent simultaneous bilensectomy (AS PIOL explantation and phacoemulsification) and Descemet's stripping and endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) in the left eye. Explanted AS PIOL was identified as ZSAL-4 (Morcher, Stuttgart, Germany) model. Corneal edema cleared completely in 2 months with a best corrected visual acuity (-2.25 D sph) of 20/60. No intervention was done in the right eye. The present case illustrates that AS PIOL-induced endothelial decompensation can be effectively managed by simultaneous bilensectomy and endothelial keratoplasty.

Role of anterior segment optical coherence tomogram in Descemet's membrane detachment.

Descemet's membrane detachment (DD) is a rare but serious complication of intraocular surgery. In rare cases where corneal edema is severe and we may not be able to visualize DD on slit-lamp examination, anterior segment optical coherence tomogram (AS-OCT) would be helpful. We describe two patients with DD, highlighting the role of AS-OCT in early diagnosis and management of patients with DD. One of the patients had DD with rolled in edge, which could only be visualized with AS-OCT. In such a situation, AS-OCT can identify the edge of detachment and show the exact position of the rolled edge, which can allow us to plan the surgical strategy to unroll the DD.

A Case of Crystalline Keratopathy in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

A 62-year-old female visited our clinic with progressively decreased vision in both eyes beginning 12 years prior. Idiopathic corneal opacity in all layers of the cornea was found in both eyes. One year later, we performed penetrating keratoplasty on the undiagnosed right eye. During post-surgical follow-up, corneal edema and stromal opacity recurred, and penetrating keratoplasty was performed two more times. The patient's total serum protein level, which had previously been normal, was elevated prior to the final surgery. She was diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We made a final diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy-associated crystalline keratopathy after corneal biopsy. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated crystalline keratopathy is difficult to diagnose and may lead to severe visual loss. A systemic work-up, including serologic tests like serum protein or cholesterol levels, is needed in patients with unexplainable corneal opacity.

A Retained Lens Fragment Induced Anterior Uveitis and Corneal Edema 15 Years after Cataract Surgery

A 60-year-old male was referred to the ophthalmologic clinic with aggravated anterior uveitis and corneal edema despite the use of topical and systemic steroids. He had undergone cataract surgery in both eyes 15 years previous. Slit lamp examinations revealed a retained lens fragment in the inferior angle of the anterior chamber, with severe corneal edema and mild anterior uveitis. The corneal edema and uveitis subsided following surgical extraction of the lens fragment. That a retained lens fragment caused symptomatic anterior uveitis with corneal edema 15 years after an uneventful cataract surgery is unique. A retained lens fragment should be considered as one of the causes of anterior uveitis in a pseudophakic patient.

Keratouveitis caused by Euphorbia plant sap.

The milky sap or latex of Euphorbia plant is highly toxic and an irritant to the skin and eye. This report illustrates the spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by accidental inoculation of latex of Euphorbia plant. Three patients presented with accidental ocular exposure to the milky sap of Euphorbia species of recent onset. The initial symptoms in all cases were severe burning sensation with blurring of vision. Visual acuity reduced from 20/60 to counting fingers. Clinical findings varied from kerato-conjunctivitis, mild to severe corneal edema, epithelial defects, anterior uveitis and secondary elevated intraocular pressure. All symptoms and signs had resolved by 10-14 days with active supportive medication. People who handle Euphorbia plants should wear eye protection. It is always advisable to ask the patient to bring a sample of the plant for identification.

Late corneal edema due to retained foldable lens fragment.

Late onset of corneal edema after cataract surgery is an unusual complication. We report a case of corneal edema presenting one month after cataract surgery. During implantation of the foldable lens, one haptic of the intraocular lens fractured at the optic haptic junction. This caused lens decentration, necessitating an intraocular lens exchange ten days later. The patient was recovering well but presented again two weeks later with a drop in vision due to corneal edema. A retained haptic of the intraocular lens was seen in the inferior anterior chamber angle. After surgical removal of the retained haptic the corneal edema fully resolved. Retained intraocular lens fragments can cause corneal endothelial damage, which may be reversible with an early diagnosis and intervention.

Ceratopatia bolhosa: etiopatogênese e tratamento: [revisão] / Bullous keratopathy: etiopathogenesis and treatment: [review]

A ceratopatia bolhosa caracteriza-se pelo edema corneano estromal acompanhado de bolhas epiteliais e subepiteliais devido à perda de células e/ou alterações da junção endotelial. Nos casos mais avançados, ocorre espessamento do estroma e presença de fibrose subepitelial e vascularização corneana. Apresenta baixa de acuidade visual devido à diminuição da transparência da córnea e pode estar acompanhada de sensação de corpo estranho, lacrimejamento e dor devido as alterações epiteliais como a presença de bolhas íntegras ou rotas. Ceratite bolhosa é uma das principais causas de transplante de córnea em diferentes regiões e países. A principal etiologia é a perda de células endoteliais, principalmente após cirurgia de catarata e na distrofia endotelial de Fuchs. Sabe-se que atualmente há cerca de 20 milhões de pessoas com catarata no mundo, e esta complicação pode afetar 1 a 2 por cento das cirurgias de catarata. Este texto faz uma revisão sobre a etiopatogênese da ceratopatia bolhosa e sobre os tratamentos clínicos e cirúrgicos disponíveis para a doença.

Bullous keratopathy is characterized by corneal stromal edema with epithelial or subepithelial bullae due to cell loss and endothelial decompensation. In more advanced cases, subepithelial fibrosis, formation of a posterior collagenous layer or retrocorneal fibrous membrane, and corneal vascularization can occur. Decreased vision is present because the loss of corneal transparency with symptoms like tearing and pain caused by epithelial bullae that can rupture. Currently, bullous keratopathy is the most common indication for penetrating keratoplasty and regraft. The main etiology is the endothelial cell loss after ophthalmic surgeries as cataract surgery. Cataract affects approximately 20 million people worldwide, and this complication can occur in 1 to 2 percent of cataract surgeries. This study revised bullous keratopathy etiopathogenesis, clinical and surgical treatment available for this corneal disease.

Corneal edema following diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in an eye with secondary glaucoma.

A 70-year-old man had undergone a complicated cataract extraction followed by repair of iris prolapse ending up with secondary glaucoma. Refusing routine filtering surgery, patient underwent contact transconjunctival diode laser cyclophotocoagulation. This report highlights the occurrence of corneal edema restricted to the inferior half of cornea following a diode laser cyclophotocoagulation performed in the inferior 180 degrees. The necessity to perform a routine specular microscopy in all such cases is highlighted, especially in eyes with good visual acuity.

Development of Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome Immediately after Uneventful Phaco Surgery

PURPOSE: We report on 15 cases of suspected toxic anterior segment syndrome after uneventful phaco surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who had developed toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) after uneventful phacoemulsification for senile cataracts between April and December of 2005. Clinical features and all possible causes were investigated including irrigating solutions or drugs, surgical instruments or intraocular lenses, sterilization techniques for instruments, or any other accompanying disease. RESULTS: The patients consisted of 2 males and 13 females with an average age of 64.7+/-10.9 years. Five different surgeons had performed their phaco surgeries. No abnormal preoperative or operative findings were reported. Nevertheless, all 15 patients developed a moderate degree of corneal edema. Ordinary treatments were not helpful. We suspect that lack of sterilization resulted in the development of the syndrome, because after ethylene oxide gas sterilization was replaced with autoclaving, no such incidents have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Toxic anterior segment syndrome requires special attention and thorough management, including sterilization of reused surgical instruments.

Coleção fluídica na interface do LASIK causada por glaucoma secundário à ceratouveíte herpética: relato de caso / LASIK interface fluid accumulation caused by glaucoma associated with herpetic keratouveitis: case report

A infecção por Herpes simplex vírus (HSV) é causa freqüente de inflamação intra-ocular ou uveíte anterior. A hipertensão ocular é característica comumente observada nas ceratouveítes herpéticas. Neste relato descrevemos o acúmulo de fluido e descolamento do "flap" corneano da ceratomileusis, no pós-operatório tardio de LASIK (28 meses), associado a quadro hipertensivo ocular secundário a ceratouveíte herpética. Este achado corrobora a suposição que a cicatrização corneana após LASIK seja apenas parcial e o espaço virtual produzido pela ceratomileuisis permaneça indefinidamente. Condições de aumento excessivo da pressão intra-ocular podem causar edema corneano com acúmulo de fluido da interface.

Herpes simplex virus infection is a frequent cause of intraocular inflammation or anterior uveitis. Ocular hypertension is a common feature in herpetic keratouveitis. We describe a fluid accumulation and flap displacement in late postoperative period (28 months) of LASIK associated with ocular hypertension caused by herpetic keratouveitis. This finding supports the theory that flap attachment after LASIK is only partial and the virtual space remains indefinitely. The presence of ocular hypertension may lead to corneal edema and fluid accumulation in the interface.

Persistent corneal edema secondary to presumed dead adult filarial worm in the anterior chamber.

We present three cases of persistent corneal edema secondary to presumed dead adult filarial worms lying in the anterior chamber with their attachment to the endothelium. Two of them were initially diagnosed as descemet's fold with corneal edema. Two patients underwent penetrating keratoplasty and in one case, surgical removal was partly possible with clearing of cornea.

Efecto del tiempo de facoemulsificación con las técnicas divide y conquista y faco chop en el edema corneal / Effect of the time of phacoemulsification with techniques divide and conquer (D&C) and phaco chop in the corneal edema

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del tiempo facoemulsificación con técnicas divide y conquista (D&C) y Faco Chop en el edema corneal. Materiales: Estudio prospectivo en pacientes sometidos a facoemulsificación. Primer grupo con D&C y segundo con Faco Chop. Se midió paquimetría corneal pre y postoperatoria. Resultados: En el primer grupo el tiempo de facoemulsificación fue 0,87 min, en el segundo 0,49 min. (p< 0,05). En el primer grupo el incremento del espesor corneal fue 20, 6 por ciento, en el segundo 21,8 por ciento. Conclusiones: El tiempo de facoemulsificación es significativamente menor con Faco Chop. Esto no es determinante para la disminución del edema corneal.